Abstract:Package managers are legion. Every programming language and operating system has its own solution, each with subtly different semantics for dependency resolution. This fragmentation prevents multilingual projects from expressing precise dependencies across language ecosystems; it leaves external system and hardware dependencies implicit and unversioned; it obscures security vulnerabilities that lie in the full dependency graph. We present the \textit{Package Calculus}, a formalism for dependency resolution that unifies the core semantics of diverse package managers. Through a series of formal reductions, we show how this core is expressive enough to model the diversity that real-world package managers employ in their dependency expression languages. By using the Package Calculus as the intermediate representation of dependencies, we enable translation between distinct package managers and resolution across ecosystems.
（本报记者赵成、吴丹、朱隽、王昊男、侯琳良、杨文明、王云娜、刘军国、李心萍、寇江泽、李林蔚、常钦、刘新吾、郑洋洋、李俊杰）
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非法携带枪支、弹药或者弩、匕首等国家规定的管制器具进入公共场所或者公共交通工具的，处五日以上十日以下拘留，可以并处一千元以下罚款。
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